G. Mathias Kondolf ~ Publications |
Kondolf, G.M., and C-N. Yang. Planning river restoration projects: Social and cultural dimensions. In D. Sear and S. Darby (eds.) Uncertainty in River Restoration. Wiley, Chichester. (in press)
Kondolf, G.M., P. Angermeir, K. Cummins, T. Dunne, M. Healey, W. Kimmerer, P.B. Moyle, D. Murphy, D. Patten, S. Railsback, D. Reed, R. Spies, and R. Twiss. Prioritizing river restoration: Projecting cumulative benefits of multiple projects. (in review)
Kondolf, G.M., L.A. Mozingo, S. Anderson, and J.R. McBride. Teaching river restoration: Lessons learned. (in review)
Tompkins, M.R., and G.M. Kondolf. Systematic post-project appraisals to maximize lessons learned from river restoration projects: Case study of compound channel construction projects in Northern California. (in review)
Kondolf, G.M., S. Anderson, R. Lave, L. Pagano, A. Merelender, and E. Bernhardt. Two decades of river restoration in California: What can we learn? (in press)
Kondolf, G.M., T. Minear, S. McBain, A. Krause, A. Falzone, and E. Lutrick. 2005. Gravel augmentation to improve salmonid habitat in rivers: General geomorphic considerations and experiences from northern California. San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science (in revision)
Healey, M., P. Angermeier, K. Cummins, T. Dunne, W. Kimmerer, G.M. Kondolf, P. Moyle, D. Murphy, D. Patton, D. Reed, R. Spies, and R. Twiss. Conceptual models and adaptive management in ecological restoration: The CALFED Bay-Delta Environmental Restoration Program. Environmental Management (in press)
Kondolf, G.M. 2006. River restoration and meanders. Ecology and Society 11 (2): 42-60.
Kondolf, G.M., A. Boulton, S. O'Daniel, G. Poole, F. Rahel, E. Stanley, E. Wohl, A. Bang, J. Carlstrom, C. Cristoni, H. Huber, S. Koljonen, P. Louhi, and K. Nakamura. 2006. Process-based ecological river restoration: Visualising three-dimensional connectivity and dynamic vectors to recover lost linkages. Ecology and Society 42 (2): 5-17.
Kondolf, G.M., H. Piégay, and N. Landon. Changes since 1830 in the riparian zone of the lower Eygues River, France. Landscape Ecology (in press)
Kondolf, G.M. 2006. Dam removal in western North America: Small, medium, and large. In K. Lanz, L. Müller, C. Rentsch, and R. Schwarzenbach (eds.) Who owns the water? Lars Müller Publishers, Baden, Switzerland.
Kondolf, G.M. 2006. River and stream restoration. In American Planning Association Planning and urban design standards (pp. 122-124). John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J.
Kondolf, G.M. 2006. Floodplains and riparian corridors. In American Planning Association Planning and urban design standards (pp. 118-121). John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J.
Kondolf, G.M. 2006. Rivers and streams. In American Planning Association Planning and urban design standards (pp. 115-117). John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J.
Kondolf, G.M., and R.J. Batalla. 2005. Hydrological effects of dams and water diversions on rivers of Mediterranean-climate regions: Examples from California. In C. Garcia and R.J. Batalla (eds.) Catchment dynamics and river processes: Mediterranean and other climate regions. Elsevier, London. (in press)
Wohl, E., P.L. Angermeier, B. Bledsoe, G.M. Kondolf, L. MacDonnell, D.M. Merritt, M.A. Palmer, N.L. Poff, and D. Tarboton. 2005. River restoration. Water Resources Research 41, W10301, doi:10.1029/2005WR003985.
Palmer, M.A., E.S. Bernhardt, J.D. Allan, P.S. Lake, G. Alexander, S. Brooks, J. Carr, S. Clayton, C. Dahm, J. Follstad Shah, D.L. Galat, S. Gloss, P. Goodwin, D.H. Hart, B. Hassett, R. Jenkinson, G.M. Kondolf, R. Lave, J.L. Meyer, T.K. O’Donnell, L. Pagano, P. Srivastava, and E. Sudduth. 2005. Standards for ecologically successful river restoration. Journal of Applied Ecology 42:208-217.
Bernhardt, E.S., M.A. Palmer, J.D. Allan, G. Alexander, K. Barnes, S. Brooks, J. Carr, S. Clayton, C. Dahm, J. Follsted-Shah, D. Galat, S. Gloss, P. Goodwin, D. Hart, B. Hassett, R. Jenkinson, S. Katz, G.M. Kondolf, P.S. Lake, R. Lave, J.L. Meyer, T.K. O’Donnell, L. Pagano, B. Powell, and E. Sudduth. 2005. Synthesizing U.S. river restoration efforts. Science 308:636-637.
Batalla, R.J., C.M. Gomez, and G.M. Kondolf. 2004. River impoundment and changes in flow regime, Ebro River basin, northeastern Spain. Journal of Hydrology 290, 117-136.
Kondolf, G.M., S. Morais, I. Loupa Ramos, and M.G. Saraiva. 2004. Alterações nos habitats ripícolas a jusante de albufeiras na bacia do Sado. In I. Moreira, M.G. da Saraiva, and F. Nunes-Correia (eds.) Gestão ambiental de sistemas fluviais: Aplicação à bacia hidrográfica do rio Sado (Environmental management of fluvial systems: Sado River case study) (pp. 265-285). ISA Press, Lisbon. (English draft translated into Portuguese)
Kondolf, G.M. 2004. O contexto geomorfológico na conservação e recuperação de corredores fluviais. In I. Moreira, M.G. da Saraiva, and F. Nunes-Correia (eds.) Gestão ambiental de sistemas fluviais: Aplicação à bacia hidrográfica do rio Sado (Environmental management of fluvial systems: Sado River case study) (pp.77-88). ISA Press, Lisbon. (English draft translated into Portuguese)
Schneider, K.S., G.M. Kondolf, and A. Falzone. 2003. Channel-floodplain disconnection on the Stanislaus River: A hydrologic and geomorphic perspective. In P.M. Faber (ed.) California riparian systems: Processes and floodplain management, ecology, and restoration (pp. 163-168). Riparian Habitat and Floodplains Conference Proceedings, Riparian Habitat Joint Venture, Sacramento.
Tompkins, M.R., and G.M. Kondolf.
2003. Integrating geomorphic process approach in riparian and stream restoration:
Past experience and future opportunities. In P.M. Faber (ed.) California
riparian systems: Processes and floodplain management, ecology, and restoration
(pp. 230-238). Riparian Habitat and Floodplains Conference Proceedings,
Riparian Habitat Joint Venture, Sacramento.
Kondolf, G.M., D.R. Montgomery,
H. Piégay, and L. Schmitt. 2003. Geomorphic classification of rivers
and streams. In G.M. Kondolf and H. Piégay (eds.) Tools in Fluvial
Geomorphology (pp. 171-204). John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Kondolf, G.M., H. Piégay, and D. Sear. 2003. Integrating geomorphological tools in ecological and management studies. In G.M. Kondolf and H. Piégay (eds.) Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology (pp. 633-660). John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Kondolf, G.M., T.E. Lisle, and G.M. Wolman. 2003. Bed sediment measurement. In G.M. Kondolf and H. Piégay (eds.) Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology (pp. 347-395). John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Kondolf, G.M., and H. Piégay. 2003. Tools in fluvial geomorphology: Problem statement and recent practice. In G.M. Kondolf and H. Piégay (eds.) Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology (pp. 3-22). John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Downs, P.W., and G.M. Kondolf. 2002. Post-project appraisal in adaptive management of river channel restoration. Environmental Management 29:477-496.
Kondolf, G.M., H. Piégay, and N. Landon. 2002. Channel response to increased and decreased bedload supply from land-use change: Contrasts between two catchments. Geomorphology 45:35-51.
Liébault, F., P. Clément, H. Piégay, C.F. Rogers, G.M. Kondolf, and N. Landon. 2002. Contemporary channel changes in the Eygues River basin, southern French Prealps: The relationship of sub-basin variability to watershed characteristics. Geomorphology 45:53-66.
Downs, P.W., K.S. Skinner, and G.M. Kondolf. 2002. Rivers and streams. In M.R. Perrow and A.J. Davy (eds.) Handbook of Ecological Restoration, Chapter 13,Volume Two (pp. 267-296). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Kondolf, G.M., M.W. Smeltzer, and S. Railsback. 2001. Design and performance of a channel reconstruction project in a coastal California gravel-bed stream. Environmental Management 28(6):761-776.
Kondolf, G.M. 2001. Planning approaches to mitigating adverse human impacts on land-inland-water ecotones. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology 1:111-116.
Kondolf, G.M. 2001. Historical changes to the San Francisco Bay-Delta watershed: Implications for ecosystem restoration. In H.J. Nijland and M.J.R. Cals (eds.) River Restoration in Europe: Practical Approaches (Proceedings of the Conference on River Restoration, Wageningen, Netherlands, May 2000) (pp. 327-338).
Kondolf, G.M., E.W. Larsen, and J.G. Williams. 2000. Measuring and modeling the hydraulic environment for assessing instream flows. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 20:1016-1028.
Kondolf, G.M. 2000. Assessing salmonid spawning gravels. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129:262-281.
Kondolf, G.M., and A. Adhikari. 2000. Weibull vs. lognormal distributions for fluvial gravels. Journal of Sedimentary Research 70(3):456-460.
Piegay, H., A. Thevenet, N. Landon, and G.M. Kondolf. 2000. Physical and human factors influencing potential fish habitat distribution along a mountain river, France. Geografiska Annaler 82 A (1):121-136.
Kondolf, G.M. 2000. Some suggested guidelines for geomorphic aspects of anadromous salmonid habitat restoration proposals. Restoration Ecology 8(1):48-56.
Kondolf, G.M. 2000. Process vs form in restoration of rivers and streams. In D.L. Scheu (ed.) 2000 Annual Meeting Proceedings of the American Society of Landscape Architects, St. Louis, MO (pp.120-124). American Society of Landscape Architects, Washington D.C.
Lassettre, N.S., and G.M. Kondolf. 2000. Process-based woody material management of the basin scale: Soquel Creek, California. In W.H. Russell and C. Winslow (eds) Conference on the restoration and management of coastal redwood forests (pp. 27-30). Mendocino Institute, Fort Bragg, CA.
Bravard, J-P., G.M. Kondolf, and H. Piégay. 1999. Environmental effects of incision and mitigation strategies. In A. Simon and S. Darby (eds.) Incised River Channels (pp. 303-341), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Kondolf, G.M. 1998. Development of flushing flows for channel restoration on Rush Creek, California. Rivers 6(3):183-193.
Kondolf, G.M. 1998. Lessons learned from river restoration projects in California. Aquatic Conservation 8:39-52.
Kondolf, G.M. 1998. Large-scale extraction of alluvial deposits from rivers in California: Geomorphic effects and regulatory strategies. In P. Klingeman et al. (eds.) Gravel-Bed Rivers in the Environment (Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Gravel Bed Rivers) (pp. 455-470). Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, Colorado.
Kondolf, G.M. 1998. River restoration projects in California: Lessons learned. In H.O. Hansen and B.L. Madsen (eds.) River Restoration ’96 Session Lectures Proceedings (pp. 213-216). National Environmental Research Institute, Silkeborg.
Kondolf, G.M. 1998. Post-project evaluation of river and stream restoration. In R.G. Bailey, P.V. Jose, and R.R. Sherwood (eds.) United Kingdom Floodplains (Proceedings of a Conference on British Floodplains, Linnean Society, London, October 1995) (pp. 466-473). Westbury Publishing, Otley, North Yorkshire UK.
Kondolf, G.M. 1998. Environmental effects of aggregate extraction from river channels and floodplains. In P. Bobrowsky (ed.) Aggregate Resources: A Global Perspective (pp. 113-129). Balkema, Rotterdam.
Kondolf, G.M. 1997. Reply to discussion by Panayiotis Diplas and Vinod K. Lohani, Application of the pebble count: Reflections on purpose, method, and variants. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (formerly Water Resources Bulletin) 33(6):1401-1402.
Kondolf, G.M. 1997. Reply to discussion by Gregory S. Bevenger and Rudy M. King, Application of the pebble count: Reflections on purpose, method, and variants. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (formerly Water Resources Bulletin) 33(6):1395-1396.
Kondolf, G.M. 1997. Hungry water: Effects of dams and gravel mining on river channels. Environmental Management 21(4):533-551.
Kondolf, G.M. 1997. Application of the pebble count: Reflections on purpose, method, and variants. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (formerly Water Resources Bulletin) 33(1):79-87.
Kondolf, G.M. 1997. Geomorphology in ecological restoration of rivers and streams. In Proceedings of International Symposium on River Restoration, 5th Urban/Environmental Policy Seminar(pp. 9-20). Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. (in English with Korean translation)
Kondolf, G.M., J.C. Vick, and T.M. Ramirez. 1996. Salmon spawning habitat rehabilitation on the Merced River, California: An evaluation of project planning and performance. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125:899-912.
Kondolf, G.M., R. Kattelmann, M. Embury, and D.C. Erman. 1996. Status of riparian habitat. Chapter 36 in Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, Vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Report No. 88, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, University of California, Davis, p.36-1 - 36-22.
Wilcock, P.R., A.F. Barta, C.C. Shea, G.M. Kondolf, W.V. Matthews, and J. Pitlick. 1996. Observations of flow and sediment entrainment on a large gravel-bed river. Water Resources Research 32(9):2897-2909.
Wilcock, P.R., G.M. Kondolf, W.V. Matthews, and A.F. Barta. 1996. Specification of sediment maintenance flows for a large gravel-bed river. Water Resources Research 32(9):2911-2921.
Kondolf, G.M., and P.R. Wilcock. 1996. The flushing flow problem: Defining and evaluating objectives. Water Resources Research 32(8):2589-2599.
Castleberry, D.T., J.J. Czech, D.C. Erman, D. Hankin, M. Healey, G.M. Kondolf, M. Mangel, M. Mohr, P.B. Moyle, J. Nielsen, T.P. Speed, and J.G. Williams. 1996. Uncertainty and instream flow standards. Fisheries 21(8):20-21.
Kondolf, G.M. 1996. A cross section of stream channel restoration. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation March-April 1996:119-125.
Haltiner, J., G.M. Kondolf, and P.B. Williams. 1996. Restoration approaches in California. In A. Brookes and D. Shields (eds.) River Channel Restoration (pp.291-329). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Kondolf, G.M., and P. Downs. 1996. Catchment approach to channel restoration. In A. Brookes and D. Shields (eds.) River Channel Restoration (pp.129-148). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Kondolf, G.M. 1996. Hungry water: Effects of dams and sand mining on waterways. In Hungry Water: Proceedings of World Conference on Rivers, October 1995. Green Alliance Protecting Kaoping River and Kaohsiung City Green Association, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. (Chinese translation)
Kondolf, G.M. 1995. Discussion: Use of pebble counts to evaluate fine sediment increase in stream channels by John P. Potyondy and Terry Hardy. Water Resources Bulletin 31(3):537-538.
Kondolf, G.M. 1995. Managing bedload sediments in regulated rivers: Examples from California, USA. Geophysical Monograph 89:165-176.
Kondolf, G.M. 1995. Geomorphological stream channel classification in aquatic habitat restoration: Uses and limitations. Aquatic Conservation 5:127-141.
Kondolf, G.M., and M. Larson. 1995. Historical channel analysis and its application to riparian and aquatic habitat restoration. Aquatic Conservation 5:109-126.
Kondolf, G.M. 1995. Five elements for effective evaluation of stream restoration. Restoration Ecology 3(2):133-136.
Kondolf, G.M., and E.M. Micheli. 1995. Evaluating stream restoration projects. Environmental Management 19:1-15.
Kondolf, G.M. 1995. Learning from stream restoration projects. In Proceedings of Fifth Biennial Watershed Management Conference, Ashland, Oregon, November 1994 (pp. 107-110). California Water Resources Center Report No. 86.
Kondolf, G.M. 1995. Surface-groundwater interactions: Some implications for sustainability of groundwater resources. In Proceedings of the 19th Biennial Groundwater Conference, Sacramento, California (pp.133-142). Water Resources Center Report No. 84, University of California, Davis.
Kondolf, G.M. 1994. Environmental planning in the regulation and management of instream gravel mining in California. Landscape and Urban Planning 29:185-199.
Kondolf, G.M. 1994. Geomorphic and environmental effects of instream gravel mining. Landscape and Urban Planning 28:225-243.
Kondolf, G.M. 1994. Livestock grazing and habitat for a threatened species: Land-use decisions under scientific uncertainty in the White Mountains of California. Environmental Management 18(4):501-509.
Kondolf, G.M. 1994. Reclamation and instream gravel mining in California. In Western Wetlands: Selected Proceedings of the 1993 Conference of the Society of Wetland Scientists, Western Chapter (pp.136-142). Davis, California.
Kondolf, G.M. 1993. Lag in stream channel adjustment to livestock exclosure in the White Mountains of California. Restoration Ecology 1:226-230.
Kondolf, G.M., and P. Vorster. 1993. Changing water balance over time in Rush Creek, eastern California, 1860-1992. Water Resources Bulletin 29:823-832.
Kondolf, G.M. 1993. The reclamation concept in regulation of gravel mining in California. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 36:397-409.
Kondolf, G.M., and M.L. Swanson. 1993. Channel adjustments to reservoir construction and instream gravel mining, Stony Creek, California. Environmental Geology and Water Science 21:256-269.
Kondolf, G.M., M.J. Sale, and M.G. Wolman. 1993. Modification of gravel size by spawning salmonids. Water Resources Research 29:2265-2274.
Kondolf, G.M., and M.G. Wolman. 1993. The sizes of salmonid spawning gravels. Water Resources Research 29:2275-2285.
Charbonneau, R., and G.M. Kondolf. 1993. Land use change in California: Nonpoint source water quality impacts. Environmental Management 17:453-460.
Kondolf, G.M., W.V.G. Matthews, J.L. Parrish, P.R. Wilcock, A.F. Barta, C.C. Shea, and J.C. Pitlick. 1993. Determination of flushing flow requirements in the Trinity River below Lewiston Dam: A progress report. In S. Sommarstrom (ed.) Proceedings of the Conference on Decomposed Granitic Soils (Redding, California, October 1992) (pp.131-138). University of California Extension, Davis.
Kondolf, G.M., and P.R. Wilcock. 1993. The flushing flow problem on the Trinity River. In H.W. Shen, S.T. Su, and Feng Wen (eds.) Hydraulic Engineering '93: Proceedings of the Hydraulics Specialty Conference (vol. 1, pp. 1172-1177). American Society of Civil Engineers, San Francisco.
Kondolf, G.M., and S. Li. 1992. The pebble count technique for quantifying surface bed material size in instream flow studies. Rivers 3:80-87.
Kondolf, G.M. 1992. Drought-year observations of baseflow in Cottonwood Basin, White Mountains, California. In History of Water, Eastern Sierra Nevada and White-Inyo Range (pp. 314-323). University of California White Mountain Research Station, Bishop, California.
Kondolf, G.M., and P. Vorster. 1992. Management implications of stream-groundwater interactions in the eastern Sierra Nevada. In History of Water, Eastern Sierra Nevada and White-Inyo Range (pp. 324-338). University of California White Mountain Research Station, Bishop, California.
Kondolf, G.M., and W.V.G. Matthews. 1991. Unmeasured residuals in sediment budgets: A cautionary note. Water Resources Research 27:2483-2486.
Kondolf, G.M., G.F. Cada, M.J. Sale, and T. Felando. 1991. Distribution of potential salmonid spawning gravels in steep, boulder-bed streams of the eastern Sierra Nevada. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120:177-186.
Charbonneau, R.B., and G.M. Kondolf. 1991. Land use conversion as a source of contaminants. In Proceedings of the Conference on Protecting Drinking Water Quality at the Source. University of California Water Resources Center, Riverside.
Kondolf, G.M., and E.A. Keller. 1991. Management of urbanizing watersheds. In California Watersheds at the Urban Interface: Proceedings of the Third Biennial Watersheds Conference (75:27-40). University of California Water Resources Center, Riverside. DOWNLOAD(.pdf - 3.1MB)
Kondolf, G.M. 1990. Case history: Bank erosion from water table drawdown, coastal California. In Keller, E.A. and G.M. Kondolf, Groundwater and fluvial processes: Selected observations. Geological Society of America Special Paper 252:334-338.
Keller, E.A., and G.M. Kondolf. 1990. Groundwater and fluvial processes: Selected observations. Geological Society of America Special Paper 252:319-340.
Kondolf, G.M., P. Vorster, and J.G. Williams. 1990. Hydrologic and channel stability considerations in stream habitat restoration. In J. Berger (ed.) Environmental Restoration (pp. 214-227). Island Press, Washington DC.
Kondolf. G.M., S.S. Cook, H.R. Maddux, and W.R. Persons. 1989. Spawning gravels of rainbow trout in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 23:19-28.
Swanson, M.L., G.M. Kondolf, and P.J. Boison. 1989. An example of rapid gully initiation and extension by subsurface soil erosion: Coastal San Mateo County, California. Geomorphology 2:393-403.
Vorster, P., and G.M. Kondolf. 1989. The effect of water management and land use practices on the restoration of Lee Vining and Rush Creeks. In D. Abell (ed.) Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems Conference (pp. 405-410). USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, PSW-110.
Kondolf, G.M. 1989. Stream-groundwater interactions along streams of the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, USA: Implications for assessing potential impacts of flow diversions. In D. Abell (ed.) Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems Conference (pp. 352-359). USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, PSW-110.
Kondolf, G.M., J.W. Webb, M.J. Sale, and T. Felando. 1987. Basic hydrologic studies for assessing impacts of flow diversions on riparian vegetation: Examples from streams of the eastern Sierra Nevada, California. Environmental Management 11:757-769.
Kondolf, G.M., G.F. Cada, and M.J. Sale. 1987. Assessment of flushing flow requirements for brown trout spawning gravels in steep streams. Water Resources Bulletin 23:927-935.
Kondolf, G.M., L.M. Maloney, and J.G. Williams. 1987. Effect of bank storage, and well pumping on base flow, Carmel River, California. Journal of Hydrology 91:351-369.
Kondolf, G.M., and R.R. Curry. 1986. Channel erosion along the Carmel River, Monterey County, California. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 11:307-319.
Kondolf, G.M., and W.V.G. Matthews. 1986. Transport of tracer gravels on a coastal California river. Journal of Hydrology 85:265-280.
Kondolf, G.M., and M.J. Sale. 1985. Application of historical channel stability analysis (HCSA) to instream flow studies. In F.W. Olsen, R.G. White, and R.H. Hamre (eds.) Proceedings of the Symposium on Small Hydropower and Fisheries (pp. 184-194). American Fisheries Society, Bio-Engineering Section and Western Division, May 1-3, 1985, Denver, Colorado.
Kondolf, G.M., and R.R. Curry. 1984. The role of riparian vegetation in channel bank stability: Carmel River, California. In R.E. Warner and K.M. Hendrix (eds.) California Riparian Systems (pp. 124-133). University of California Press, Berkeley.
Williams, J.G., and G.M. Kondolf (eds.). 1983. Channel stability and fish habitat. Guidebook to symposium and field conference, June 16-18, Monterey, California. 76 pp.
Curry, R.R., and G.M. Kondolf. 1981. Strategy for restoration of channel stability, Carmel River, Monterey County, CA. In Watershed Rehabilitation in Redwood National Park and Other Pacific Coastal Areas (pp. 191-208). Proceedings of a Symposium, August 24-28, 1981, Arcata, California.